Aprova o Protocolo à Convenção de 1979 sobre a Poluição Atmosférica Transfronteiras a Longa Distância, relativo aos Metais Pesados, assinado em Aarhus, Dinamarca, em 24 de junho de 1998
Definições
Para efeitos do presente Protocolo, entende-se por:
Objetivo
O objetivo do presente Protocolo é controlar as emissões de metais pesados decorrentes de atividades antropogénicas que estão sujeitas a transporte atmosférico transfronteiras a longa distância e que poderão ter efeitos prejudiciais significativos na saúde humana ou no ambiente, de acordo com as disposições dos artigos seguintes.
Obrigações fundamentais
Intercâmbio de informações e de tecnologias
Estratégias, políticas, programas e medidas
1 - As Partes devem, sem atrasos indevidos, desenvolver estratégias, políticas e programas para cumprimento das suas obrigações decorrentes do presente Protocolo.
2 - As Partes podem, além disso:
a) Aplicar instrumentos económicos para promover a adoção de abordagens com uma boa relação custo-eficácia destinadas a reduzir as emissões de metais pesados;
b) Desenvolver convénios e acordos voluntários entre a indústria e o governo;
c) Incentivar a utilização mais eficiente dos recursos e matérias-primas;
d) Incentivar a utilização de fontes de energia menos poluentes;
e) Adotar medidas para desenvolver e introduzir sistemas de transporte menos poluentes;
f) Adotar medidas para eliminar progressivamente certos processos emissores de metais pesados, nos casos em que estão disponíveis processos substitutos numa escala industrial;
g) Adotar medidas para desenvolver e utilizar processos limpos para a prevenção e controlo da poluição.
2 - As Partes podem adotar medidas mais rigorosas que as previstas no presente Protocolo.
Investigação, desenvolvimento e monitorização
As Partes devem incentivar a investigação, o desenvolvimento, a monitorização e a cooperação, primariamente centrados nos metais pesados enumerados no Anexo I, relacionados com, mas não limitados, a:
Apresentação de relatórios
Cálculos
O EMEP fornecerá ao Órgão Executivo, utilizando modelos e medições adequadas e em tempo útil antes de cada sessão anual do Órgão Executivo, cálculos sobre as deposições e fluxos transfronteiras de metais pesados dentro da zona de atividades do EMEP. Em áreas fora da zona das atividades do EMEP, serão utilizados modelos adequados às circunstâncias específicas das Partes à Convenção.
Cumprimento
Deve proceder-se a uma revisão regular do cumprimento pelas Partes das suas obrigações decorrentes do presente Protocolo. O Comité de Aplicação, instituído pela decisão 1997/2 do Órgão Executivo na sua 15.ª sessão, efetuará essas revisões e informará as Partes em reunião do Órgão Executivo, de acordo com os termos do anexo à referida decisão, incluindo quaisquer alterações que lhe tenham sido introduzidas.
Revisões efetuadas pelas partes em sessões do órgão executivo
Resolução de conflitos
As Partes com estatuto de organização regional de integração económica podem apresentar uma declaração com efeito idêntico relativamente à arbitragem, de acordo com os procedimentos referidos na alínea b) supra.
Anexos
Os anexos ao presente Protocolo constituem uma parte integrante do mesmo. Os Anexos III e VII têm carácter recomendatório.
Alterações ao Protocolo
Assinatura
Ratificação, aceitação, aprovação e adesão
Depositário
Os instrumentos de ratificação, aceitação, aprovação ou adesão serão depositados junto do Secretário-Geral das Nações Unidas, que exercerá as funções de Depositário.
Entrada em vigor
Denúncia
Em qualquer momento após cinco anos a contar da data em que o presente Protocolo tenha entrado em vigor para uma determinada Parte, essa Parte pode denunciar o Protocolo mediante notificação escrita dirigida ao Depositário. Essa denúncia produz efeitos no nonagésimo dia a contar da data de receção da notificação pelo Depositário ou em qualquer outra data posterior eventualmente especificada na notificação de denúncia.
Textos autênticos
O original do presente Protocolo, cujos textos em língua inglesa, francesa e russa fazem igualmente fé, será depositado junto do Secretário-Geral das Nações Unidas.
Em fé do que os abaixo assinados, devidamente autorizados para o efeito, assinaram o presente Protocolo.
Feito em Aarhus (Dinamarca), em 24 de junho de 1998.
ANEXO I
Metais pesados referidos no n.º 1 do artigo 3.º e ano de referência da obrigação
(ver documento original)
ANEXO II
Categorias de fontes fixas
I -Introdução
II -Lista de categorias
(ver documento original)
ANEXO III
Melhores técnicas disponíveis para o controlo das emissões de metais pesados e seus compostos provenientes das categorias de fontes enumeradas no anexo II
I -Introdução
O termo «técnicas» inclui não só a tecnologia utilizada, mas também a forma como a instalação é projetada, construída, mantida, operada e desmantelada;
Por técnicas «disponíveis» entendem-se as técnicas desenvolvidas numa escala que permita a sua aplicação no setor industrial relevante, em condições económica e tecnicamente viáveis, tomando em consideração os custos e vantagens, quer as técnicas sejam ou não utilizadas ou produzidas no território da Parte em questão, desde que estejam razoavelmente acessíveis ao operador;
«Melhores» significa mais eficazes para atingir um nível geral elevado de proteção do ambiente, em termos globais.
Ao determinar as melhores técnicas disponíveis, deve-se prestar especial atenção, em geral ou em casos específicos, aos fatores a seguir mencionados, tendo em conta os prováveis custos e benefícios de cada medida e os princípios da precaução e prevenção:
Utilização de uma tecnologia com baixa produção de resíduos;
Utilização de substâncias menos perigosas;
Recuperação e reciclagem das substâncias produzidas e utilizadas no processo, bem como dos resíduos;
Processos, meios ou métodos de operação comparáveis que foram experimentados com sucesso à escala industrial;
Progressos tecnológicos e evolução na compreensão e nos conhecimentos científicos;
Natureza, efeitos e volume das emissões em causa;
Datas da entrada em funcionamento de instalações novas ou existentes;
Tempo necessário para introduzir a melhor técnica disponível;
Consumo e natureza das matérias-primas (incluindo a água) utilizadas no processo e a respetiva eficiência energética;
Necessidade de prevenir ou reduzir ao mínimo o impacto global das emissões no ambiente e os riscos delas decorrentes;
Necessidade de prevenir acidentes e de minimizar as suas repercussões no ambiente.
O conceito de melhores técnicas disponíveis não tem como objetivo estipular qualquer técnica ou tecnologia específica, mas sim a tomada em consideração das características técnicas da instalação em causa, da sua localização geográfica e das condições ambientais locais.
II -Opções gerais para a redução das emissões de metais pesados e seus compostos
III -Técnicas de controlo
QUADRO 1
Desempenho dos dispositivos de limpeza de poeiras, expresso em concentrações médias de poeiras por hora
(ver documento original)
Nota. - Os ciclones e depuradores de baixa e média pressão apresentam geralmente um menor nível de eficiência na remoção de poeiras.
QUADRO 2
Desempenho mínimo previsto dos separadores de mercúrio, expresso em concentrações médias de mercúrio por hora
(ver documento original)
IV -Setores
Combustão de combustíveis fósseis em caldeiras industriais e em centrais termoelétricas (Anexo II, categoria 1)
QUADRO 3
Medidas de controlo, nível de eficiência das reduções e custos relativamente a emissões de combustão de combustíveis fósseis
(ver documento original)
Indústria primária do ferro e do aço (Anexo II, categoria 2)
Instalações de sinterização - 40-120 g/Mg
Instalações de peletização - 40 g/Mg
Altos-fornos - 35-50 g/Mg
Fornos a oxigénio - 35-70 g/Mg.
QUADRO 4
Fontes de emissões, medidas de controlo, níveis de eficiência das reduções de poeiras e custos relativamente à indústria primária do ferro e do aço
(ver documento original)
Indústria secundária do ferro e do aço (Anexo II, categoria 3)
QUADRO 5
Fontes de emissões, medidas de controlo, níveis de eficiência das reduções de poeiras e custos relativamente à indústria secundária do ferro e do aço
(ver documento original)
Fundições de ferro (Anexo II, categoria 4)
QUADRO 6
Fontes de emissões, medidas de controlo, níveis de eficiência das reduções de poeiras e custos relativamente às fundições de ferro
(ver documento original)
Indústria primária e secundária de metais não ferrosos (Anexo II, categorias 5 e 6)
Medidas para reduzir a produção de poeiras durante as operações de extração e armazenamento, incluindo a minimização da dimensão dos minérios armazenados;
Aquecimento indireto do forno;
Manter o minério tão seco quanto possível;
Levar a temperatura do gás que entra no condensador para apenas 10ºC a 20ºC acima do ponto de orvalho;
Manter a temperatura de saída tão baixa quanto possível;
Passar os gases de reação através de um depurador de pós-condensação e/ou de um filtro de selénio.
A formação de poeiras pode ser mantida a níveis baixos através de aquecimento indireto, processamento separado do minério das classes de grão fino e controlo do teor de humidade do minério. As poeiras deverão ser removidas dos gases de reação quentes, antes de entrarem na unidade de condensação de mercúrio com ciclones e/ou precipitadores eletrostáticos.
QUADRO 7 (a)
Fontes de emissões, medidas de controlo, níveis de eficiência das reduções de poeiras e custos relativamente à indústria primária de metais não ferrosos
(ver documento original)
QUADRO 7 (b)
Fontes de emissões, medidas de controlo, níveis de eficiência das reduções de poeiras e custos relativamente à indústria secundária de metais não ferrosos
(ver documento original)
Indústria do cimento (Anexo II, categoria 7)
QUADRO 8
Fontes de emissões, medidas de controlo, níveis de eficiência das reduções e custos relativamente à indústria do cimento
(ver documento original)
Indústria do vidro (Anexo II, categoria 8)
QUADRO 9
Fontes de emissões, medidas de controlo, níveis de eficiência das reduções de poeiras e custos relativamente à indústria vidreira
(ver documento original)
Indústria de produção de cloro alcalino (Anexo II, categoria 9)
Controlo do processo e medidas técnicas para otimizar a operação das células, manutenção e métodos de trabalho mais eficientes;
Coberturas, vedantes e purga controlada por sucção;
Limpeza dos recintos das células e medidas que tornem mais fácil mantê-las limpas;
Limpeza de fluxos de gás limitados (certos fluxos de ar contaminado e de hidrogénio gasoso).
Incineração de resíduos urbanos, hospitalares e perigosos (Anexo II, categorias 10 e 11)
QUADRO 10
Fontes de emissões, medidas de controlo, níveis de eficiência das reduções e custos de incineração relativamente a resíduos urbanos, médicos e perigosos
(ver documento original)
ANEXO IV
Calendarização para a aplicação dos valores-limite e das melhores técnicas disponíveis a fontes fixas novas e existentes
A calendarização para a aplicação de valores-limite e das melhores técnicas disponíveis é a seguinte:
ANEXO V
Valores-limite para controlo das emissões provenientes de grandes fontes fixas
I -Introdução
Valores para metais pesados ou grupos de metais pesados específicos;
Valores para emissões de partículas em geral.
II -Valores-limite específicos para as grandes fontes fixas selecionadas
Combustão de combustíveis fósseis (Anexo II, categoria 1):
Instalações de sinterização (Anexo II, categoria 2):
Instalações de peletização (Anexo II, categoria 2):
Altos-fornos (Anexo II, categoria 3):
Fornos de arco elétrico (Anexo II, categoria 3):
Produção de cobre e zinco, incluindo fornos Imperial Smelting (Anexo II, categorias 5 e 6):
Produção de chumbo (Anexo II, categorias 5 e 6):
Indústria do cimento (Anexo II, categoria 7):
Indústria do vidro (Anexo II, categoria 8):
Indústria de produção de cloro alcalino (Anexo II, categoria 9):
Incineração de resíduos urbanos, hospitalares e perigosos (Anexo II, categorias 10 e 11):
ANEXO VI
Medidas de controlo de produtos
Os limites acima referidos podem ser ultrapassados em novas aplicações de uma tecnologia de pilhas ou em utilizações de uma pilha num novo produto, caso sejam tomadas precauções razoáveis para garantir que as pilhas ou produtos resultantes, que contenham uma pilha que não seja facilmente removível, serão eliminados de uma forma consentânea com a proteção do ambiente. As pilhas e aparelhos do tipo alcalinos de manganês de tipo botão, e baterias compostas por aparelhos do tipo botão, serão também isentos desta obrigação.
ANEXO VII
Medidas de gestão de produtos
PROTOCOL TO THE 1979 CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION ON HEAVY METALS
The Parties,
Determined to implement the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution,
Concerned that emissions of certain heavy metals are transported across national boundaries and may cause damage to ecosystems of environmental and economic importance and may have harmful effects on human health,
Considering that combustion and industrial processes are the predominant anthropogenic sources of emissions of heavy metals into the atmosphere,
Acknowledging that heavy metals are natural constituents of the Earth's crust and that many heavy metals in certain forms and appropriate concentrations are essential to life,
Taking into consideration existing scientific and technical data on the emissions, geochemical processes, atmospheric transport and effects on human health and the environment of heavy metals, as well as on abatement techniques and costs,
Aware that techniques and management practices are available to reduce air pollution caused by the emissions of heavy metals,
Recognizing that countries in the region of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE) have different economic conditions, and that in certain countries the economies are in transition,
Resolved to take measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize emissions of certain heavy metals and their related compounds, taking into account the application of the precautionary approach, as set forth in principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development,
Reaffirming that States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and development policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction,
Mindful that measures to control emissions of heavy metals would also contribute to the protection of the environment and human health in areas outside the UN/ECE region, including the Arctic and international waters,
Noting that abating the emissions of specific heavy metals may provide additional benefits for the abatement of emissions of other pollutants,
Aware that further and more effective action to control and reduce emissions of certain heavy metals may be needed and that, for example, effects-based studies may provide a basis for further action,
Noting the important contribution of the private and non-governmental sectors to knowledge of the effects associated with heavy metals, available alternatives and abatement techniques, and their role in assisting in the reduction of emissions of heavy metals,
Bearing in mind the activities related to the control of heavy metals at the national level and in international forums,
Have agreed as follows:
Article 1
Definitions
For the purposes of the present Protocol,
Article 2
Objective
The objective of the present Protocol is to control emissions of heavy metals caused by anthropogenic activities that are subject to long-range transboundary atmospheric transport and are likely to have significant adverse effects on human health or the environment, in accordance with the provisions of the following articles.
Article 3
Basic Obligations
(a) The best available techniques, taking into consideration annex III, to each new stationary source within a major stationary source category for which annex III identifies best available techniques;
(b) The limit values specified in annex V to each new stationary source within a major stationary source category. A Party may, as an alternative, apply different emission reduction strategies that achieve equivalent overall emission levels;
(c) The best available techniques, taking into consideration annex III, to each existing stationary source within a major stationary source category for which annex III identifies best available techniques. A Party may, as an alternative, apply different emission reduction strategies that achieve equivalent overall emission reductions;
(d) The limit values specified in annex V to each existing stationary source within a major stationary source category, insofar as this is technically and economically feasible. A Party may, as an alternative, apply different emission reduction strategies that achieve equivalent overall emission reductions.
Article 4
Exchange of Information and Technology
(a) The commercial exchange of available technology;
(b) Direct industrial contacts and cooperation, including joint ventures;
(c) The exchange of information and experience; and
(d) The provision of technical assistance.
Article 5
Strategies, Policies, Programmes and Measures
(a) Apply economic instruments to encourage the adoption of cost-effective approaches to the reduction of heavy metal emissions;
(b) Develop government/industry covenants and voluntary agreements;
(c) Encourage the more efficient use of resources and raw materials;
(d) Encourage the use of less polluting energy sources;
(e) Take measures to develop and introduce less polluting transport systems;
(f) Take measures to phase out certain heavy metal emitting processes where substitute processes are available on an industrial scale;
(g) Take measures to develop and employ cleaner processes for the prevention and control of pollution.
Article 6
Research, Development and Monitoring
The Parties shall encourage research, development, monitoring and cooperation, primarily focusing on the heavy metals listed in annex I, related, but not limited, to:
(a) Emissions, long-range transport and deposition levels and their modelling, existing levels in the biotic and abiotic environment, the formulation of procedures for harmonizing relevant methodologies;
(b) Pollutant pathways and inventories in representative ecosystems;
(c) Relevant effects on human health and the environment, including quantification of those effects;
(d) Best available techniques and practices and emission control techniques currently employed by the Parties or under development;
(e) Collection, recycling and, if necessary, disposal of products or wastes containing one or more heavy metals;
(f) Methodologies permitting consideration of socio-economic factors in the evaluation of alternative control strategies;
(g) An effects-based approach which integrates appropriate information, including information obtained under subparagraphs (a) to (f) above, on measured or modelled environmental levels, pathways, and effects on human health and the environment, for the purpose of formulating future optimized control strategies which also take into account economic and technological factors;
(h) Alternatives to the use of heavy metals in products listed in annexes VI and VII;
(i) Gathering information on levels of heavy metals in certain products, on the potential for emissions of those metals to occur during the manufacture, processing, distribution in commerce, use, and disposal of the product, and on techniques to reduce such emissions.
Article 7
Reporting
(a) Each Party shall report, through the Executive Secretary of the Commission, to the Executive Body, on a periodic basis as determined by the Parties meeting within the Executive Body, information on the measures that it has taken to implement the present Protocol;
(b) Each Party within the geographical scope of EMEP shall report, through the Executive Secretary of the Commission, to EMEP, on a periodic basis to be determined by the Steering Body of EMEP and approved by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body, information on the levels of emissions of the heavy metals listed in annex I, using as a minimum the methodologies and the temporal and spatial resolution specified by the Steering Body of EMEP. Parties in areas outside the geographical scope of EMEP shall make available similar information to the Executive Body if requested to do so. In addition, each Party shall, as appropriate, collect and report relevant information relating to its emissions of other heavy metals, taking into account the guidance on the methodologies and the temporal and spatial resolution of the Steering Body of EMEP and the Executive Body.
Article 8
Calculations
EMEP shall, using appropriate models and measurements and in good time before each annual session of the Executive Body, provide to the Executive Body calculations of transboundary fluxes and depositions of heavy metals within the geographical scope of EMEP. In areas outside the geographical scope of EMEP, models appropriate to the particular circumstances of Parties to the Convention shall be used.
Article 9
Compliance
Compliance by each Party with its obligations under the present Protocol shall be reviewed regularly. The Implementation Committee established by decision 1997/2 of the Executive Body as its fifteenth session shall carry out such reviews and report to the Parties meeting within the Executive Body in accordance with the terms of the annex to that decision, including any amendments thereto.
Article 10
Reviews by the Parties at Sessions of the Executive Body
(a) Such reviews will take into account the best available scientific information on the effects of the deposition of heavy metals, assessments of technological developments, and changing economic conditions;
(b) Such reviews will, in the light of the research, development, monitoring and cooperation undertaken under the present Protocol:
(i) Evaluate progress towards meeting the objective of the present Protocol;
(ii) Evaluate whether additional emission reductions beyond the levels required by this Protocol are warranted to reduce further the adverse effects on human health or the environment; and
(iii) Take into account the extent to which a satisfactory basis exists for the application of an effects-based approach;
(c) The procedures, methods and timing for such reviews shall be specified by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body.
Article 11
Settlement of Disputes
(a) Submission of the dispute to the International Court of Justice;
(b) Arbitration in accordance with procedures to be adopted by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body, as soon as practicable, in an annex on arbitration.
A Party which is a regional economic integration organization may make a declaration with like effect in relation to arbitration in accordance with the procedures referred to in subparagraph (b) above.
Article 12
Annexes
The annexes to the present Protocol shall form an integral part of the Protocol. Annexes III and VII are recommendatory in character.
Article 13
Amendments to the Protocol
(a) The proposer shall provide the Executive Body with the information specified in Executive Body decision 1998/1, including any amendments thereto; and
(b) The Parties shall evaluate the proposal in accordance with the procedures set forth in Executive Body decision 1998/1, including any amendments thereto.
Article 14
Signature
Article 15
Ratification, Acceptance, Approval and Accession
Article 16
Depositary
The instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who will perform the functions of Depositary.
Article 17
Entry into Force
Article 18
Withdrawal
At any time after five years from the date on which the present Protocol has come into force with respect to a Party, that Party may withdraw from it by giving written notification to the Depositary. Any such withdrawal shall take effect on the ninetieth day following the date of its receipt by the Depositary, or on such later date as may be specified in the notification of the withdrawal.
Article 19
Authentic Texts
The original of the present Protocol, of which the English, French and Russian texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
In witness whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto, have signed the present Protocol.
Done at Aarhus (Denmark), this twenty-fourth day of June, one thousand nine hundred and ninety-eight.
ANNEX I
Heavy metals referred to in article 3, paragraph 1, and the reference year for the obligation
(ver documento original)
ANNEX II
Stationary source categories
I -Introduction
II -List of categories
(ver documento original)
ANNEX III
Best available techniques for controlling emissions of heavy metals and their compounds from the source categories listed in annex II
I -Introduction
"Techniques" includes both the technology used and the way in which the installation is designed, built, maintained, operated and decommissioned;
"Available" techniques means those developed on a scale which allows implementation in the relevant industrial sector, under economically and technically viable conditions, taking into consideration the costs and advantages, whether or not the techniques are used or produced inside the territory of the Party in question, as long as they are reasonably accessible to the operator;
"Best" means most effective in achieving a high general level of protection of the environment as a whole.
In determining the best available techniques, special consideration should be given, generally or in specific cases, to the factors below, bearing in mind the likely costs and benefits of a measure and the principles of precaution and prevention:
The use of low-waste technology;
The use of less hazardous substances;
The furthering of recovery and recycling of substances generated and used in the process and of waste;
Comparable processes, facilities or methods of operation which have been tried with success on an industrial scale;
Technological advances and changes in scientific knowledge and understanding;
The nature, effects and volume of the emissions concerned;
The commissioning dates for new or existing installations;
The time needed to introduce the best available technique;
The consumption and nature of raw materials (including water) used in the process and its energy efficiency;
The need to prevent or reduce to a minimum the overall impact of the emissions on the environment and the risks to it;
The need to prevent accidents and to minimize their consequences for the environment.
The concept of best available techniques is not aimed at the prescription of any specific technique or technology, but at taking into account the technical characteristics of the installation concerned, its geographical location and the local environmental conditions.
II -General options for reducing emissions of heavy metals and their compounds
(a) Application of low-emission process technologies, in particular in new installations;
(b) Off-gas cleaning (secondary reduction measures) with filters, scrubbers, absorbers, etc.;
(c) Change or preparation of raw materials, fuels and/or other feed materials (e.g. use of raw materials with low heavy metal content);
(d) Best management practices such as good housekeeping, preventive maintenance programmes, or primary measures such as the enclosure of dust-creating units;
(e) Appropriate environmental management techniques for the use and disposal of certain products containing Cd, Pb, and/or Hg.
(a) Developing an inventory of those reduction measures identified above that have already been implemented;
(b) Comparing actual reductions in Cd, Pb and Hg emissions with the objectives of the Protocol;
(c) Characterizing quantified emissions of Cd, Pb and Hg from relevant sources with appropriate techniques;
(d) Regulatory authorities periodically auditing abatement measures to ensure their continued efficient operation.
III -Control techniques
TABLE 1
Performance of dust-cleaning devices expressed as hourly average dust concentrations
(ver documento original)
Note. - Medium- and low-pressure scrubbers and cyclones generally show lower dust removal efficiencies.
TABLE 2
Minimum expected performance of mercury separators expressed as hourly average mercury concentrations
(ver documento original)
IV -Sectors
Combustion of fossil fuels in utility and industrial boilers (annex II, category 1)
TABLE 3
Control measures, reduction efficiencies and costs for fossil-fuel combustion emissions
(ver documento original)
Primary iron and steel industry (annex II, category 2)
Sinter plants - 40-120 g/Mg
Pellet plants - 40 g/Mg
Blast furnace - 35-50 g/Mg
BOF - 35-70 g/Mg.
TABLE 4
Emission sources, control measures, dust reduction efficiencies and costs for the primary iron and steel industry
(ver documento original)
Secondary iron and steel industry (annex II, category 3)
TABLE 5
Emission sources, control measures, dust reduction efficiencies and costs for the secondary iron and steel industry
(ver documento original)
Iron foundaries (annex II, category 4)
TABLE 6
Emission sources, control measures, dust reduction efficiencies and costs for iron foundries
(ver documento original)
Primary and secondary non-ferrous metal industry (annex II, categories 5 and 6)
Measures to reduce dust generation during mining and stockpiling, including minimizing the size of stockpiles;
Indirect heating of the furnace;
Keeping the ore as dry as possible;
Bringing the gas temperature entering the condenser to only 10 to 20 ºC above the dew point;
Keeping the outlet temperature as low as possible; and
Passing reaction gases through a post-condensation scrubber and/or a selenium filter.
Dust formation can be kept down by indirect heating, separate processing of fine grain classes of ore, and control of ore water content. Dust should be removed from the hot reaction gas before it enters the mercury condensation unit with cyclones and/or electrostatic precipitators.
TABLE 7 (a)
Emission sources, control measures, dust reduction efficiencies and costs for the primary non-ferrous metal industry
(ver documento original)
TABLE 7 (b)
Emission sources, control measures, dust reduction efficiencies and costs for the secondary non-ferrous metal industry
(ver documento original)
Cement industry (annex II, category 7)
TABLE 8
Emission sources, control measures, reduction efficiencies and costs for the cement industry
(ver documento original)
Glass industry (annex II, category 8)
TABLE 9
Emission sources, control measures, dust reduction efficiencies and costs for the glass industry
(ver documento original)
Chlor-alkali industry (annex II, category 9)
Process control and technical measures to optimize cell operation, maintenance and more efficient working methods;
Coverings, sealings and controlled bleeding-off by suction;
Cleaning of cell rooms and measures that make it easier to keep them clean; and
Cleaning of limited gas streams (certain contaminated air streams and hydrogen gas).
Municipal, medical and hazardous waste incineration (annex II, categories 10 and 11)
TABLE 10
Emission sources, control measures, reduction efficiencies and costs for municipal, medical and hazardous waste incineration
(ver documento original)
ANNEX IV
Timescales for the application of limit values and best available techniques to new and existing stationary sources
The timescales for the application of limit values and best available techniques are:
(a) For new stationary sources: two years after the date of entry into force of the present Protocol;
(b) For existing stationary sources: eight years after the date of entry into force of the present Protocol. If necessary, this period may be extended for specific existing stationary sources in accordance with the amortization period provided for by national legislation.
ANNEX V
Limit values for controlling emissions from major stationary sources
I -Introduction
Values for specific heavy metals or groups of heavy metals; and
Values for emissions of particulate matter in general.
II -Specific limit values for selected major stationary sources
Combustion of fossil fuels (annex II, category 1):
Sinter plants (annex II, category 2):
Pellet plants (annex II, category 2):
(a) Grinding, drying: 25 mg/m3; and
(b) Pelletizing: 25 mg/m3; or
Blast furnaces (annex II, category 3):
Electric arc furnaces (annex II, category 3):
Production of copper and zinc, including Imperial Smelting furnaces (annex II, categories 5 and 6):
Production of lead (annex II, categories 5 and 6):
Cement industry (annex II, category 7):
Glass industry (annex II, category 8):
Chlor-alkali industry (annex II, category 9):
Municipal, medical and hazardous waste incineration (annex II, categories 10 and 11):
(a) 10 mg/m3 for hazardous and medical waste incineration;
(b) 25 mg/m3 for municipal waste incineration.
(a) 0.05 mg/m3 for hazardous waste incineration;
(b) 0.08 mg/m3 for municipal waste incineration;
(c) Limit values for mercury-containing emissions from medical waste incineration shall be evaluated by the Parties meeting within the Executive Body no later than two years after the date of entry into force of the present Protocol.
ANNEX VI
Product control measures
(a) 0.05 per cent of mercury by weight in alkaline manganese batteries for prolonged use in extreme conditions (e.g. temperature below 0 ºC or above 50 ºC, exposed to shocks); and
(b) 0.025 per cent of mercury by weight in all other alkaline manganese batteries.
The above limits may be exceeded for a new application of a battery technology, or use of a battery in a new product, if reasonable safeguards are taken to ensure that the resulting battery or product without an easily removable battery will be disposed of in an environmentally sound manner. Alkaline manganese button cells and batteries composed of button cells shall also be exempted from this obligation.
ANNEX VII
Product management measures
(a) The substitution of products containing one or more intentionally added heavy metals listed in annex I, if a suitable alternative exists;
(b) The minimization or substitution in products of one or more intentionally added heavy metals listed in annex I;
(c) The provision of product information including labelling to ensure that users are informed of the content of one or more intentionally added heavy metals listed in annex I and of the need for safe use and waste handling;
(d) The use of economic incentives or voluntary agreements to reduce or eliminate the content in products of the heavy metals listed in annex I; and
(e) The development and implementation of programmes for the collection, recycling or disposal of products containing one of the heavy metals in annex I in an environmentally sound manner.
(a) Mercury-containing electrical components, i.e. devices that contain one or several contacts/sensors for the transfer of electrical current such as relays, thermostats, level switches, pressure switches and other switches (actions taken include a ban on most mercury-containing electrical components; voluntary programmes to replace some mercury switches with electronic or special switches; voluntary recycling programmes for switches; and voluntary recycling programmes for thermostats);
(b) Mercury-containing measuring devices such as thermometers, manometers, barometers, pressure gauges, pressure switches and pressure transmitters (actions taken include a ban on mercury-containing thermometers and ban on measuring instruments);
(c) Mercury-containing fluorescent lamps (actions taken include reductions in mercury content per lamp through both voluntary and regulatory programmes and voluntary recycling programmes);
(d) Mercury-containing dental amalgam (actions taken include voluntary measures and a ban with exemptions on the use of dental amalgams and voluntary programmes to promote capture of dental amalgam before release to water treatment plants from dental surgeries);
(e) Mercury-containing pesticides including seed dressing (actions taken include bans on all mercury pesticides including seed treatments and a ban on mercury use as a disinfectant);
(f) Mercury-containing paint (actions taken include bans on all such paints, bans on such paints for interior use and use on children's toys; and bans on use in antifouling paints); and
(g) Mercury-containing batteries other than those covered in annex VI (actions taken include reductions in mercury content through both voluntary and regulatory programmes and environmental charges and voluntary recycling programmes).